產品描述：

用途

配方與配制方法

補充劑：
D-環絲氨酸	200.0mg
卵黃乳液        50ml

配制方法：
TSC瓊脂：稱取粉末培養基21g，加450ml去離子重懸,浸泡10min。溫和加熱煮沸1min，使其完全溶解。121°C高溫蒸汽滅菌10min。及時取出，不要過度加熱。待培養基冷卻至約55°C，加入50ml 50%卵黃乳液，200mg D-環絲氨酸。混勻后倒平板。

接種：接種0.1ml待測樣品的梯度濃度水稀釋液，涂布均勻。

無卵黃乳液TSC瓊脂（上層瓊脂）：冷卻至約50°C，500ml培養基中加200mg D-環絲氨酸，混勻后倒在TSC瓊脂平板上面。

使用方法

標準菌株在產氣莢膜梭菌瓊脂（TSC）中的生長情況

產氣莢膜梭菌的鑒定——《細菌學鑒定手冊》

Bacteriological Analytical Manual
Chapter 16

Clostridium perfringens

Authors: E. Jeffery Rhodehamel (ret.) and Stanley M. Harmon (ret.)

Food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens may occur when foods such as meat or poultry are cooked and held without maintaining adequate heating or refrigeration before serving. The presence of small numbers of C. perfringens is not uncommon in raw meats, poultry, dehydrated soups and sauces, raw vegetables, and spices. Because the spores of some strains are resistant to temperatures as high as 100°C for more than l h, their presence in foods may be unavoidable. Furthermore, the oxygen level may be sufficiently reduced during cooking to permit growth of the clostridia. Spores that survive cooking may germinate and grow rapidly in foods that are inadequately refrigerated after cooking. Thus, when clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests thatC. perfringens is the cause of a food poisoning outbreak, the presence of hundreds of thousands or more of these organisms per gram of food substantiates the diagnosis.

Illness typically occurs 8-15 h after ingestion of the contaminated food. The symptoms, which include intense abdominal cramps, gas, and diarrhea (nausea and vomiting are rare), have been attributed to a protein enterotoxin produced during sporulation of the organism in the intestine. The enterotoxin can be detected in sporulating cultures, and a method for this purpose is included. A high correlation has been established between the ability of C. perfringens strains to produce enterotoxin and their ability to cause food poisoning. However, it is difficult to obtain consistent sporulation with some strains.

C. perfringens cells lose their viability when foods are frozen or held under prolonged refrigeration unless special precautions are taken. Such losses may make it difficult to establish C. perfringens as the specific cause of a food poisoning outbreak. It is recommended that samples which cannot be examined immediately be treated with buffered glycerin-salt solution and stored or shipped frozen to the laboratory as described below.

A. Sampling

Sample the entire portion of food (whole roast, chicken, gravy, etc.) or take representative samples of 25 g each from different parts of the suspect food because contamination may be unevenly distributed.

B. Transporting and storage of samples

Transport and examine samples promptly without freezing, if possible, and store at about 10°C until examined. If analysis cannot be started within 8 h or if the sample must be shipped to the laboratory for analysis, treat it with sterile buffered glycerin-salt solution, store immediately at -70 to -90°F, and transport it to the laboratory with dry ice, as described below.

Use aseptic technique to prepare sample for storage or shipment. Transfer 25 g portion of sample (sliced beef, turkey, hash, etc.) to sterile 150 ml container, such as plastic Whirl-Pak bag. Add 25 ml buffered glycerin-salt solution, exclude air from bag, and mix the sample well with glycerin solution. Liquid samples such as gravy or beef juice should be mixed well with equal volume of double strength buffered glycerin-salt solution.
Store glycerin-treated samples immediately at -70 to -90°F in low temperature freezer or with dry ice so that freezing occurs as quickly as possible. Maintain samples at this temperature until analysis. Thaw samples at room temperature and transfer sample and glycerin-salt solution to sterile blender jar. Add 200 ml peptone dilution fluid to blender jar and proceed with examination.

If sample must be shipped to the laboratory, follow procedures above and pack frozen sample in contact with dry ice to maintain temperature as low as possible during shipment. Pack sample in a container such as a paint can or Nalgene bottles which are impervious to CO gas, because absorption of CO2 by the sample could lower the pH and diminish the viability of C. perfringens. Store sample at -70 to -90°F on receipt and keep at this temperature until examined, preferably within a few days.

Cultural Methods for Enumeration and Identification of Clostridium perfringens in Foods

A.	Equipment and materials
1.	Pipets, 1.0 ml with 0.1 ml graduations, and 10.0 ml with 1.0 ml graduations
2.	Colony counter
3.	High speed blender, Waring or equivalent, and 1 L glass or metal blender jars with covers; 1 jar required for each sample
4.	Anaerobic jars, BBL GasPak, or Oxoid anaerobic jars equipped with GasPak H2 + CO2 generator envelopes and catalyst
5.	Incubator, 35°C
6.	Petri dishes, sterile 15 × 100 mm
7.	Platinum loop, 3 mm id
8.	Water bath, 46 ± 0.5°C
9.	Reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) test kit for C. perfringens enterotoxin (Oxoid USA, Columbia, MD)

B.	Media and reagents

1.	Tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine (TSC) agar
2.	Egg yolk emulsion, 50%
3.	Chopped liver broth or cooked meat medium (modified) (M43) (chopped liver is preferred)
4.	Thioglycollate medium (fluid)
5.	Iron milk medium (modified)
6.	Lactose-gelatin medium (for C. perfringens)
7.	Sporulation broth (for C. perfringens)
8.	Motility-nitrate medium, buffered (for C. perfringens)
9.	Spray's fermentation medium (for C. perfringens)
10.	AE sporulation medium, modified
11.	Duncan-Strong sporulation medium, modified
12.	Peptone diluent
13.	Nitrite detection reagents
14.	Glycerin-salt solution (buffered)
15.	Gram stain reagents
16.	Fermentation test papers. Saturate 15 cm Whatman No. 31 filter paper disks with 0.2% aqueous bromthymol blue solution adjusted to pH 8-8.5 with ammonium hydroxide. Air-dry the disks and store for later use.
17.	Bromthymol blue, 0.04% aqueous solution

C. Cultural and isolation procedures

Prepare Gram stain of sample and examine for large Gram-positive rods.

Plate count of viable C. perfringens. Using aseptic technique, place 25 g food sample in sterile blender jar. Add 225 ml peptone dilution fluid (1:10 dilution). Homogenize 1-2 min at low speed. Obtain uniform homogenate with as little aeration as possible. Using 1:10 dilution prepared above, make serial dilutions from 10-1 to 10-6 by transferring 10-90 ml peptone dilution fluid blanks. Mix each dilution thoroughly by gently shaking before each transfer. Pour 6-7 ml TSC agar without egg yolk into each of ten 100 × 15 mm petri dishes and spread evenly on bottom by rapidly rotating dish. When agar has solidified, label plates, and aseptically transfer 1 ml of each dilution of homogenate to the center of duplicate agar plates. Pour additional 15 ml TSC agar without egg yolk into dish and mix with inoculum by gently rotating dish.

An alternative plating method preferred for foods containing other types of sulfite-reducing organisms is to spread 0.1 ml of each dilution with sterile glass rod spreader over previously poured plates of TSC agar containing egg yolk emulsion. After inoculum has been absorbed (about 5 min), overlay plates with 10 ml TSC agar without egg yolk emulsion. When agar has solidified, place plates in upright position in anaerobic jar. Establish anaerobic conditions and place jar in 35°C incubator for 20-24 h. (TSC agar containing egg yolk is incubated 24 h.) After incubation, remove plates from anaerobic jar and select those containing 20-200 black colonies for counting. C. perfringens colonies in egg yolk medium are black with a 2-4 mm opaque white zone surrounding the colony as a result of lecithinase activity. Using Quebec colony counter with white tissue paper over counting area, count black colonies and calculate number of clostridia cells/g food. Save plates for identification tests (see D, below).

Prepare chopped liver broth (or cooked meat medium) for inoculation by heating 10 min in boiling water or flowing steam and cooling rapidly without agitation. Inoculate 3 or 4 broth tubes with 2 ml of 1:10 homogenate as back-up for preceding plating procedure. Incubate these tubes 24-48 h at 35°C in standard incubator. Disregard if plate counts for viable C. perfringens are positive.

D. Presumptive confirmation test

Select 10 typical C. perfringens colonies from TSC or TSC-egg yolk agar plates and inoculate each into a tube of freshly deaerated and cooled fluid thioglycollate broth. Incubate in standard incubator 18-24 h at 35°C. Examine each culture by Gram stain and check for purity. C. perfringens is a short, thick, Gram-positive bacillus. If there is evidence of contamination, streak contaminated culture(s) on TSC agar containing egg yolk and incubate in anaerobic jar 24 h at 35°C. Surface colonies of C. perfringens are yellowish gray with 2-4 mm opaque zones caused by lecithinase activity. This procedure is also used for isolating C. perfringens from chopped liver broth whenever the organism is not detected by direct plating on TSC agar.

Iron-milk presumptive test. Inoculate modified iron-milk medium with 1 ml of actively growing fluid thioglycollate culture and incubate medium at 46°C in a water bath. After 2 h, check hourly for "stormy fermentation." This reaction is characterized by rapid coagulation of milk followed by fracturing of curd into spongy mass which usually rises above medium surface. Remove positive tubes to prevent spilling over into water bath. For this reason, do not use short tubes for the test. Cultures that fail to exhibit "stormy fermentation" within 5 h are unlikely to be C. perfringens. An occasional strain may require 6 h or more, but this is a questionable result that should be confirmed by further testing. Some strains of C. baratii react in this manner, but this species can be differentiated by its inability to liquefy gelatin in lactose-gelatin medium. The rapidity with which the "stormy fermentation" occurs depends on the strain and the initial population. Therefore, only actively growing cultures are appropriate for this test. The presumptive test in iron-milk medium may be sufficient for some purposes. However, the completed test must always be performed with isolates associated with food poisoning outbreaks. The following tests must be included for the completed test.

E. Completed confirmation test

Stab-inoculate motility-nitrate (buffered) and lactose-gelatin media with 2 mm loopfuls of pure fluid thioglycollate medium culture or portion of isolated colony from TSC agar plate. Stab lactose-gelatin repeatedly to ensure adequate inoculation, and then rinse loop in beaker of warm water before flaming to avoid splattering. Incubate inoculated media 24 h at 35°C. Examine lactose-gelatin medium cultures for gas production and color change from red to yellow, which indicates acid production. Chill tubes 1 h at 5°C and examine for gelatin liquefaction. If medium gels, incubate an additional 24 h at 35°C and examine for gelatin liquefaction.

Inoculate sporulation broth with 1 ml fluid thioglycollate medium culture and incubate 24 h at 35°C. Prepare Gram stain of sporulation broth and examine microscopically for spores. Store sporulated cultures At 4° if further testing of isolates is desired.

C. perfringens is nonmotile. Examine tubes of motility-nitrate medium for type of growth along stab line. Nonmotile organisms produce growth only in and along stab. Motile organisms usually produce diffuse growth out into the medium, away from the stab.

C. perfringens reduces nitrates to nitrites. To test for nitrate reduction, add 0.5 ml reagent A and 0.2 ml reagent B (R48) to culture in buffered motility-nitrate medium. Violet color which develops within 5 min indicates presence of nitrites. If no color develops, add a few grains of powdered zinc metal and let stand a few minutes. A negative test (no violet color) after zinc dust is added indicates that nitrates were completely reduced. A positive test after addition of zinc dust indicates that the organism is incapable of reducing nitrates.

Tabulate results. C. perfringens is provisionally identified as a nonmotile, Gram-positive bacillus which produces black colonies in TSC agar, reduces nitrates to nitrites, produces acid and gas from lactose, and liquefies gelatin within 48 h. Some strains of C. perfringens exhibit poor sporulation in sporulation medium or weak lecithinase reactions on TSC agar containing egg yolk. Organisms suspected to be C. perfringenswhich do not meet the stated criteria require additional testing for confirmation.

Subculture isolates which do not meet all criteria for C. perfringens into fluid thioglycollate medium. Incubate 24 h at 35°C, prepare Gram stain, and examine for purity and typical cell morphology.

Inoculate 0.1 ml pure fluid thioglycollate culture into 1 tube of freshly deaerated Spray's fermentation medium containing 1% salicin, 1 tube containing 1% raffinose, and 1 tube of medium without carbohydrate. Incubate media 24 h at 35°C and examine medium containing salicin for acid and gas. Test for acid by transferring a 2 mm loopful of culture to bromthymol blue test paper. Use only a platinum loop. No color change or development of a slight green color indicates that acid was produced. Alternatively, transfer 1.0 ml of culture to test tube or spot plate and add 1 or 2 drops of 0.04% bromthymol blue. A light green or yellow color indicates that acid was produced. Incubate media for another 48 h and test for acid production. Salicin is rapidly fermented with production of acid and gas by culturally similar species but usually is not fermented by C. perfringens. Acid is usually produced from raffinose within 3 days by C. perfringens but is not produced by culturally similar species. A slight change in pH can occur in the medium without fermentation of carbohydrates.

Some species of Clostridium occasionally isolated from foods have characteristics which differentiate them from C. perfringens.

C. paraperfringens and C. baratii – slender cells frequently in filamentous chains with large spherical bodies in cooked meat or other media containing carbohydrate; nitrite weak or absent after 18 h; very weak lecithinase production; gelatin never liquefied.

C. absonum or C. sardiniensis – young cultures may exhibit weak motility; gelatin slowly liquefied; strong lecithinase production; nitrite production weak or absent after 18 h.
C. celatum – similar to C. paraperfringens, except that cells form large mass in bottom of tube; usually grows very slowly; all reported isolates of C. celatum are from feces. C. celatum differs from C.paraperfringens by the absence of lecithinase activity and by the production of acid from starch.

Calculate number of C. perfringens cells in sample on the basis of percent of colonies tested that are confirmed as C. perfringens. Example: If average plate count of 10-4 dilution was 85, and 8 of 10 colonies tested were confirmed as C. perfringens, the number of C. perfringens cells/g food is 85 × (8/10) × 10,000 = 680,000. NOTE: The dilution factor with plates containing egg yolk is tenfold higher than that of the sample dilution because only 0.1 ml was plated.

F. Culturing procedures for sporulation and enterotoxin production
If isolates are to be tested immediately for sporulation and enterotoxin production, subculture in fluid thioglycollate broth as described above. Cultures to be stored or shipped to another laboratory for testing should be subcultured in Difco cooked meat medium and incubated for 24 h at 35°C, followed by an additional 24 h at room temperature. Store cooked meat culture at 4°. To subculture for sporulation and enterotoxin production, mix cooked meat culture with Vortex mixer and transfer 0.5 ml of the mixture to each of two tubes containing 10 ml of freshly steamed fluid thioglycollate medium. Heat one tube in a beaker of water or in a water bath at 75°C for 10 min, and incubate at 35°C for 18 h. Incubate the second tube at 35°C for 4 h, and use this culture to inoculate modified AE sporulation medium. For best results use 0.75 ml of 4 h thioglycollate culture to inoculate 15 ml of modified AE or modified Duncan-Strong sporulation media. Incubate inoculated spore broth at 35°C in anaerobic jar or incubator for 18-24 h.

Check resulting culture for spores by using a phase-contrast microscope or by examining stained smears. Fewer than 5 spores per microscopic field is not considered good sporulation.